Leopard populations in parts of Odisha are declining, according to a Wildlife Institute of India (WII) study sponsored by the Odisha Forest Department. While India’s overall large-carnivore population has grown, the east-central region has not kept pace.
Researchers assessed leopard and prey populations in the Similipal-Satkosia landscape, covering both protected and non-protected areas. Systematic camera-trap surveys in Kuldiha, Hadagarh, Rebana, and Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR) revealed stark contrasts. Satkosia and Mahanadi showed relatively healthy leopard densities—17.9 and 11.9 leopards per 100 km²—supported by abundant medium- and large-sized prey.
In contrast, Kuldiha and Hadagarh recorded functional extinction of leopards, while Rebana showed low densities at 2.2 leopards per 100 km². Small-bodied prey dominated across all sites, but the absence of medium- to large-sized ungulates in several areas highlighted a critical imbalance.
The study emphasised that prey decline directly impacts leopard survival and increases human-animal conflict, as hungry leopards often venture into villages. Researchers urged a comprehensive conservation strategy, including prey supplementation, ecological corridors, and stronger monitoring in unprotected zones.
Healthy prey populations remain essential for sustaining large carnivores, and periodic state intervention is needed to restore vulnerable habitats. Without immediate action, Odisha risks further decline in its leopard population, intensifying conflict between wildlife and human settlements.
